Dossier: la seguridad en cuestión. En DEODORO de Octubre, 013.
Carlos Balzi (Filósofo, profesor e investigador de la UNC)
No soy en absoluto naturalista (como se dice ahora) e ignoro por completo mediante qué resortes actúa el miedo en nosotros; mas es desde luego una extraña impresión; y dicen los médicos que no hay otra que saque tanto de sus casillas a nuestro juicio.
Michel de Montaigne
Durante siglos –y en algún sentido aún hoy– se concibió a ese período de la historia de Occidente al que llamamos Modernidad como la alborozada liberación de las tinieblas medievales. Hace tres o cuatro siglos, los hombres y mujeres europeos, pero sobre todo los hombres, al sacudirse la tutela ignominiosa de la Iglesia, comenzaron a explorar las innumerables bendiciones que su razón prodigaba, y el camino que se abría ante sus ojos prometía una plácida marcha hacia la cosecha progresiva de sus frutos. Ese idílico cuadro se volvió insostenible desde que, ante la suma de espantos que la misma humanidad protagonizó hacia mediados del siglo XX, la historia se vio obligada a revisar con nuevos ojos lo que sucedió entonces. Se pudo descubrir así que el entusiasmo que suponíamos en los inicios de nuestra época era difícil de armonizar con el retrato que de la condición humana ofrecía la obra que definió como ninguna otra, para bien o para mal, la manera en que nos percibimos y la forma en que respondemos desde entonces el desafío sobre cómo vivir juntos.
Esa obra fue escrita hace más de tres siglos por el hijo de un oscuro pastor de un pueblo perdido al sudoeste de Inglaterra, Thomas Hobbes. Conjeturar sobre las razones que nos llevan aún hoy a frecuentar sus escritos ha sido tema de una discusión secular e inabarcable; entiendo que, de todos modos, uno de sus pensamientos puede ser singularizado como central para entender la persistencia de su herencia. A contramano de la complaciente descripción de nuestra psicología moral que reseñamos al comienzo, Hobbes elevó una pasión sobre todas como la clave para descifrar nuestro comportamiento. No el amor, no la bondad y menos la filantropía: lo que mejor nos explica es la hegemonía que tiene en nuestro aparato psíquico un constante y visceral miedo a la muerte violenta a manos de nuestros congéneres. No somos bondadosos ni afectuosos, pero tampoco, escribió, necesariamente malos: somos, antes que nada, profundamente timoratos y temerosos. Y esa poco honrosa dimensión nuestra tuvo, como no podía ser de otra forma, una consecuencia política.
Si el móvil principal de nuestros actos es el miedo, se sigue que nuestro primer objetivo es arribar a una situación en la cual, al menos idealmente, todas las amenazas evitables que pesan sobre nosotros hayan desaparecido. Esa condición tiene un nombre que nos es familiar: “seguridad”. Ahora bien, como todos los bienes, materiales o no, su adquisición tiene un precio. ¿Cuál es el que Hobbes advirtió que nos sería exigido para obtener éste en particular?
La seguridad completa era sumamente costosa: exigía de sus beneficiarios nada menos que la renuncia irrevocable, definitiva, al ejercicio de cualquier derecho –incluido el de expresar e incluso concebir una disconformidad o una crítica– que nuestros gobernantes juzgaran incompatibles con la conservación y empleo de cualquier medio que dictaminaran indispensable para asegurar ese fin. Nuestra tranquilidad dependía por entero de que comprendiéramos la lógica férrea del vínculo entre la seguridad y la obediencia irrestricta e incuestionada que debíamos a quien nos la brindaba. La justificación de este oneroso contrato alegaba que no había manifestación alguna de la libertad humana que, permitida, no pudiera conducir de regreso a la situación de absoluto desamparo de la que pretendíamos salir. De modo que todo lo que nuestro protector nos exigiera le era debido. La seguridad se pagaba, así, al precio de la más radical sujeción.
Esta desalentadora representación del ser humano, con su poca amable conclusión política, fue gestada y concretada, como dijimos, al inicio mismo de aquella fase de nuestra historia de la cual estuvimos tan orgullosos por siglos. Ahora bien, cuando se reparó en la inconsistencia entre tal retrato y ese orgullo, la historia se vio también llevada a preguntarse por la situación en que la humanidad se encontraba por entonces, para comprender, en primer término, que alguien haya imaginado un diagnóstico tan deprimente, pero sobre todo para descifrar las claves de su éxito. Se reparó entonces en que la vida de los ciudadanos europeos de mediados del siglo XVII, lejos de ser la idílica patria de la razón triunfante que habíamos supuesto, se debatía con una crisis económica profunda y prolongada, con el derrumbe de certezas religiosas y morales y, en primer plano, con una cruel guerra generalizada en todo el continente que, a lo largo de tres décadas, prodigó tanto el fanatismo como la desesperación entre sus protagonistas. La verdadera condición de la humanidad hacia mediados del siglo fundante de nuestra era avalaba la generalización en la que Hobbes incurrió: la vida de los hombres era, de hecho, “solitaria, pobre, desagradable, brutal y breve”.
Pero esa revisión explicaba, si lo hacía, sólo uno de los enigmas planteados: si la descripción hobbesiana del ser humano como un ser temeroso y ansioso de protección se volvía comprensible a la luz de esos hechos, en nada contribuía, en cambio, a responder la pregunta por el sostenido eco que sus palabras han tenido hasta nuestros días. Si ellas eran apropiadas para un tiempo de guerra y miseria, estarían fuera de su hábitat, en cambio, en la prosperidad y la paz. ¿Por qué, entonces, lo seguimos leyendo y aprendiendo de él?
Responder a este interrogante excede el contexto de esta página, pero entiendo que alguna indicación sobre una hipotética respuesta debe ser indicada. Ella no podría ignorar la insidiosa permanencia desde hace ya algunos años de la preocupación por la seguridad en nuestra agenda política y mediática. Quizás no sea aventurado conjeturar que en la sagaz, si desencantada, imagen del ser humano que Hobbes construyó leyendo las acciones de sus contemporáneos, los poderosos descubrieron un instrumento para asegurar y acrecentar su dominio, del cual no han dejado de hacer un uso intensivo desde entonces, generando las condiciones tanto fácticas como ideales para la perpetuación de un miedo que, en su crecimiento, alimentó la constante inflación del precio que se nos demanda para nuestra seguridad.
Deodoro, Gaceta de Crítica y Culura es una iniciativa de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
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